Analysis and critique of Madeleine Leininger

Analysis and survey of Madeleine LeiningerIntroductionThis paper is an analysis and critique of a published treat philosophy and scheme by the hold up theorist Madeleine Leininger. The analysis is establish on Leiningers publications nigh her scheme starting time in the mid-1950s with her major contribution stemming from her instant book, Trans heathen nurse Concepts, Theories, Re appear, and make out in 1978. The model riding habitd to analyze this surmise is the Chinn and Kramer model. This model was all important(p) by Peggy Chinn and Maenoa Kramer in 1983. The model utilizes a two-step process to evaluate theories called possibleness description and critical verbalism. Theory description consists of purpose, concepts, definitions, births, structure, and assumptions. Critical reflection analyzes the purpose of the theory utilizing a series of questions. (McEwen Willis, 2010, p. 95) This model will be used to critique one of the oldest theories in nursing.Purpo seTrans pagan Nursing Theory disc everywheres and explains the ethnicly based perplexity factors that influence health, offbeat, illness, and death of from each one item-by-item or society. The purpose and goal of the transcultural nursing theory is to submit culturally congruent, safe, and meaningful c ar to clients of diverse or identical nuances. (Leininger, 2002, p. 190) Leininger has established a theory that studies finiss to understand their differences and similarities. ethnic competence is essential within the nursing profession due to the differences in each individuals comprehension of illness and wellness. Congruency between grow and health safekeeping is essential to the well-being of each individual and community. An individuals health beliefs and practices are linked by his/her culture. The culture wangle theory focuses on cultural beliefs and practices when determining a pattern of care. It continues with the belief that nurses submit to conside r that non all cultures are similar, and in that respect are variations within each culture. Each individual or community should be treated variedly from the rest and that personal uniqueness should ever so be considered. This belief stems from Leiningers personal belief in Gods creative and warmth way of lifes. (Leininger, 2002, p. 190)Concepts DefinitionsTranscultural theory uses the concepts of culture, race, and ethnicity to understand gentlemans gentleman behavior. When providing culturally competent care nurses should understand the meaning of these terms. Leininger as well as focuses on a few opposite concepts such as cultural competence, cultural awareness, and acculturation. Leiningers theory focuses on legion(predicate) concepts, but these were selected based on the importance of nurses integrating the most canonic concepts of transcultural nursing into their well-established knowledge base. Culture influences all spheres of human lifetime. It defines health, illness, and the search for relief from disease or distress. With increased mobilization of people crossways geographical and national borders, multicultural trends are emerging in umteen countries. (Ayonrinde, 2003, p. 233) Culture is delimit as a set of beliefs, values, and assumptions about life that are widely held among a assembly of people and that are patrimonial across generations. (Leininger McFarland, 2002, p. 47) Burchum (2002) defines culture as a learned world expressionshared by a population or group and transfer socially that influences values, beliefs, customs, and behaviors, and is reflected in the language, dress, food, materials, and social institutions of a group (Burchum, 2002, p. 7)All cultures are non alike, and all individuals within a culture are not alike. Each person should be viewed as a unique human being with differences that are respected. Individuals whitethorn be of the kindred race, but of different cultures. subspecies is defined as a so cial classification that relies on physical markers such as skin color to identify group membership. (Leininger McFarland, 2002, p. 75) Many nurses overlook cultural differences of individuals due to their similar racial characteristics. Race is considered one of the identifying characteristics of a culture, and this identifying characteristic represents an ethnicity. Ethnicity is defined as a cultural membership that is based on individuals sharing similar cultural patterns that, over time, create a common history that is resistant to change. (Leininger McFarland, 2002, p. 75)ethnical competence is an fundamental factor in nursing. culturally competent care is provided not only to individuals of racial or ethnic minority groups, but also to groups that vary by age, religion, socioeconomic status or sexual orientation. heathenish competence is defined as a combination of culturally congruent behaviors, practice attitudes, and policies that allow nurses to make for effectively in cross cultural situations. (Leininger McFarland, 2002, p. 78) Religious and cultural knowledge is important in the healthcare profession. It is also important that health care professionals assess their own beliefs and ask themselves how those beliefs whitethorn affect the care given to clients. The awareness of your own beliefs is called, cultural awareness, and is defined as self-awareness of ones own cultural background, biases, and differences. (Burchum, 2002) Not only must nurses be aware of their own beliefs, but also must be volition to learn and understand an individuals beliefs. The process of learning a new culture is acculturation. Adapting to a new culture requires changes in each nurses practices.Relationships StructureThe relationship and structure between the concepts in the culture care theory is presented in Leiningers sunrise model. (Figure 1) This model is viewed as rising sun and should be utilized as an available tool for nurses to use when conducting cul tural assessments. This model interconnects Leiningers concepts and forms a structure that is usable in practice. This model provides a systematic way to identify the beliefs, values, meanings, and behaviors of people. The dimensions of the model include technological, religious, philosophic, kinship, social, values and lifeway, political, legal, economic, and educational factors. These factors influence the milieu and language, which affects the overall health of the individual. Individuals who may not feel understood may delay seeking care or may withhold divulge information. Environment and language affect the overall health system which consists of the ethnic music and professional health system. The folk health system consists of the traditional beliefs, season the professional health system consists of our learned knowledge such as organized school and evidenced-based practice. The combination of these systems creates the nursing profession which allows us to action the c ultural, spiritual, and physical needs of each individual. These factors help nurses understand the client and separate what is unique about the client. This model helps each nurse avoid stereotyping an individual into a culture based on the minimal factors of race or ethnicity. (Leininger, 2002, p. 191)The last dimension of the model helps nurses establish culturally congruent care through the utilization of three concepts culture care rescue/maintenance, culture care accommodation/negotiation, or culture care repatterning/restructuring. Cultural preservation means that the nurse supports and facilitates cultural interventions. (Burchum, 2002) Cultural interventions may include the use of acupuncture or acupressure for relief before utilizing standard practices/interventions. Cultural accommodation requires the nurse to support and facilitate cultural practices, such as the burial of placentas, as long as these practices are shew not to be harmful to individuals or the surroundi ng community. (Burchum, 2002) Cultural repatterning requires the nurse to work one-on-one with an individual or community to the help them restructure, change, or vary their cultural practice. (Burchum, 2002) Cultural repatterning should only be used when the practice is found to harmful to an individual or community. All of these factors and concepts guide the nurse towards their last-ditch goal of providing culturally competent care. These factors and goals allow the nurse to fulfill the individuals need of having holistic and comprehensive culturally based care.AssumptionsThere are a number of theoretical premises for the cultural care theory. Leininger (2002) highlighted five important assumptions. The first is apprehension is the essence of nursing and a distinct, dominant, central, and unifying focus. (Leininger, 2002, p. 192) Nurses provide care with sensitivity and compassion. Cultural care theory requires nurses to provide that same care, but based on the cultural unique ness of each individual. The second is Culturally based care (caring) is essential for well-being health, growth, survival, and in veneer handicaps or death. (Leininger, 2002, p. 192) Non-culturally competent care may increase the cost of health care and decrease the opportunity for positive health outcomes. The third is Culturally based care is the most comprehensive, holistic, and particularistic means to know, explain, interpret, and predict skilful congruent care practices. (Leininger, 2002, p. 192) Culturally competent nursing care is knowing for a specific client, reflects the individuals beliefs and values, and is provided with sensitivity. The fourth is Culturally based caring is essential to hardening and healing, as there can be no curing without caring, although caring can occur without curing. (Leininger, 2002, p. 192) Therefore, there is an increased need to severalise the impact of culture on health care and to learn about the culture of the individuals to whom you r provide care. The last assumption is Culture care concepts, meanings, expressions, patterns, processes, an d structural forms vary transculturally, with diversities (differences) and some universalities (commonalities). (Leininger, 2002, p. 192) Nurses should be aware of cultural beliefs, cultural behaviors, and cultural differences and should avoid the temptation of premature generalizations. Following these assumptions of the cultural care theory allows nurses to be less judgmental and more accepting of cultures which incite holistic care for all cultures.Critical ReflectionCulture Care Theory has played a significant role in nursing practice. The theory is highlights many concepts in which Leininger clearly defines and consistently utilizes in numerous publishings. The concepts in Leiningers theory are the gold standard for transcultural nursing and are mentioned in the majority of literature regarding culturally based care. The theory is complex with a number of concepts and interrelationships. The complexity is important as it develops a meaningful and comprehensive view of cultural and holistic based care. Leiningers theory has a high level of generality due to its ability giving to be applied to all cultures, ethnicities, and races. The key to Leiningers theory is communication, and even crosses languages and establishes how to occur language barriers, through the use of interpreters. The theory consistently approaches culturally based care by requiring the nurse to use cultural knowledge as well as specific skills when deciding nursing interventions and practices. The theory continues to be consistent in requiring the same approach by requiring the nurse to bring about a cultural assessment. The assessment provides an understanding of an individual health perception which guides culturally appropriate interventions. Culture care theory is widely well-disposed as it is the major and most significant contributor to transcultural nursing. (Ayonrin de, 2003) Cultural care theory played and will continue to play a significant role in nursing practice, research and education. Healthy large number 2020 goal is to eliminate health disparities among different populations based upon numerous factors. Nurses are the key in moving forward with eliminating these disparities. Todays environment is multicultural and the idiom on providing culturally competent care has increased. The Culture Care theory is well established and it has been the most significant breakthrough in nursing and the health fields in the 20th century and will be in greater demand in the 21st century. (Leininger, 2002, p. 190)